Protein Content Research Articles

[Effects of Biochar on Growth and Pollutant Accumulation of Lettuce in Soil Co-contaminated with Tetracycline and Copper].

Through lettuce potting experiments, the effects of different types of biochar (apple branch, corn straw, and modified sorghum straw biochar with phosphoric acid modification) on lettuce growth under tetracycline (TC) and copper (Cu) co-pollution were investigated. The results showed that compared with those under CK, the addition of biochar treatment significantly increased the plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight of lettuce (P < 0.05). The addition of different biochars significantly increased the nitrate nitrogen, chlorophyll, and soluble protein content in lettuce physiological indicators to varying degrees, while also significantly decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde, proline content, and catalase activity. The effects of biochar on lettuce physiological indicators were consistent during both the seedling and mature stages. Compared with those in CK, the addition of biochar resulted in varying degrees of reduction in the TC and Cu contents of both the aboveground and underground parts of lettuce. The aboveground TC and Cu levels decreased by 2.49%-92.32% and 12.79%-36.47%, respectively. The underground TC and Cu levels decreased by 12.53%-55.64% and 22.41%-42.29%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that nitrate nitrogen, chlorophyll, and soluble protein content of lettuce were negatively correlated with TC content, whereas malondialdehyde, proline content, and catalase activity were positively correlated with TC content. The resistance genes of lettuce were positively correlated with TC content (P < 0.05). In general, modified biochar was found to be more effective in improving lettuce growth quality and reducing pollutant accumulation compared to unmodified biochar, with modified sorghum straw biochar showing the best remediation effect.

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal the Dynamic Process of Bama Hemp Seed Development and the Accumulation Mechanism of α-Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid.

Bama County is a world-famous longevity county in the Guangxi Province, China. Bama hemp is a traditional seed used in hemp cultivation in the Bama County. The seeds contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid in the golden ratio. These two substances have been proven to be related to human health and the prevention of various diseases. However, the seed development and seed oil accumulation mechanisms remain unclear. This study employed a combined analysis of physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic parameters to elucidate the fatty acid formation patterns in Bama hemp seeds throughout development. We found that seed oil accumulated at a late stage in embryo development, with seed oil accumulation following an "S″-shaped growth curve, and positively correlated with seed size, sugar content, protein content, and starch content. Transcriptome analysis identified genes related to the metabolism of LA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and jasmonic acid (JA). We found that the FAD2 gene was upregulated 165.26 folds and the FAD3 gene was downregulated 6.15 folds at day 21. Metabolomic changes in LA, ALA, and JA compounds suggested a competitive relationship among these substances. Our findings indicate that the peak period of substance accumulation and nutrient accumulation in Bama hemp seeds occurs during the midstage of seed development (day 21) rather than in the late stage (day 40). The results of this research will provide a theoretical basis for local cultivation and deep processing of Bama hemp.

Preliminary efficacy and safety of YSCH-01 in patients with advanced solid tumors: an investigator-initiated trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of YSCH-01 (Recombinant L-IFN adenovirus) in subjects with advanced solid tumors.MethodsIn this single-center, open-label, investigator-initiated trial of YSCH-01, 14 patients with advanced solid...

Effect of Chinese quince proanthocyanidins on the inhibition of heterocyclic amines and quality of fried chicken meatballs and tofu.

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have potential carcinogenic and mutagenic activity and are generated in cooked protein-rich foods. Adding proanthocyanidins (PAs) to these foods before frying is an effective way to reduce HCAs. In this study, polymeric PAs (PPA) and ultrasound-assisted acid-catalyzed/catechin nucleophilic depolymerized PAs (UAPA, a type of oligomeric PA) were prepared from Chinese quince fruits (CQF). Different levels of PPA and UAPA (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15%) were added to chicken meatballs and tofu; then these foods were fried, and the content of HCAs in them after frying was investigated. The results showed that PPA and, particularly, UAPA significantly inhibited the formation of HCAs in fried meatballs and tofu, and this inhibition was dose-dependent. The inhibition of HCAs by both PPA and UAPA was stronger in the chicken meatballs than in fried tofu. The level of total HCAs was significantly reduced by 57.84% (from 11.93 to 5.03ng/g) after treatment of meatballs with 0.15% UAPA, with inhibition rates of 78.94%, 50.37%, and 17.81% for norharman, harman, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), respectively. Of note, there was a negative correlation between water, lipid, protein, creatine, and glucose content and HCA content in the crust, interior, and whole (crust-plus-interior) measurements of all fried samples. Interestingly, PPA and UAPA were found more effective in inhibiting HCAs in the exterior crust than in the interior of the fried chicken meatballs. These results provide evidence that further studies on the reduction of the formation of harmful HCAs in fried foods by adding CQF PAs could be valuable to the fried food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chinese quince proanthocyanidins treatments significantly inhibited the generation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in chicken meatballs and tofu when deep-fried. These results suggest that Chinese quince proanthocyanidins can be used as natural food additive for reducing HCAs in fried foods, laying the foundation for using Chinese quince fruit proanthocyanidins for HCA inhibition in the food industry.

Better maintenance of enzymatic capacity and higher levels of substrate transporter proteins in skeletal muscle of aging female mice.

This study investigated sex-specific differences in high-energy phosphate, glycolytic, and mitochondrial enzyme activities and also metabolite transporter protein levels in the skeletal muscles of adult (5 months old), middle-aged (12 months old), and advanced-aged (24 months old) mice. While gastrocnemius glycogen content increased with age regardless of sex, gastrocnemius triglyceride levels increased only in advanced-aged female mice. Aging decreased creatine kinase and adenylate kinase activities in the plantaris muscle of both sexes and in the soleus muscle of male mice but not in female mice. Irrespective of sex, phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities decreased in the plantaris and soleus muscles. Additionally, hexokinase activity in the plantaris muscle and LDH activity in the soleus muscle decreased to a greater extent in aged female mice compared with those in aged male mice. Mitochondrial enzyme activities increased in the plantaris muscle of aged female mice but did not change in male mice. The protein content of the glucose transporter 4 in the aged plantaris muscle and fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 increased in the aged plantaris and soleus muscles of both sexes, with a significantly higher content in female mice. These findings suggest that females possess a better ability to maintain metabolic enzyme activity and higher levels of metabolite transport proteins in skeletal muscle during aging, despite alterations in lipid metabolism. Our data provide a basis for studying muscle metabolism in the context of age-dependent metabolic perturbations and diseases that affect females and males differently.

A Novel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Specifically Improving the Solubility and Antioxidant Activities of Edible Bird's Nest.

Edible bird's nest (EBN), a most highly priced and valuable foodstuff, contains high percentage of proteins and carbohydrates. However, proteins adhering to these carbohydrates make the EBN hard and tough, which need to be boiled as the bird's nest soup to make the Chinese cuisine. To overcome the hard and tough texture of EBN and improve the digestion degrees, the present study screened and identified a probiotic strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YZW02 from 5-year stored EBN sample completely solubilizing EBN for the first time. The 24-h B. amyloliquefaciens fermented EBN contained 20.30-21.48mg/mL of the soluble protein contents with a recovery rate of 98-100%, DPPH radical scavenging rate of 84.76% and ABTS radical scavenging capacity of 41.05%. The mixed fermentation of B. amyloliquefaciens YZW02 and Bacillus natto BN1 were further applied to improve the low-MW peptide percentages and antioxidant activities. The mixed-fermentation of B. natto BN1 with 4-h cultured B. amyloliquefaciens YZW02 had the lowest percentage (82.23%) of >12-kDa proteins/peptides and highest percentages of 3-12kDa, 1-3kDa and 0.1-1kDa peptides of 8.6% ± 0.08, 7.57% ± 0.09, 1.77% ± 0.05 and 0.73% ± 0.05, with the highest DPPH, ABTS and •OH scavenging capacity of 90.23%, 46.45% and 49.12%, respectively. These findings would provide an efficient strategy for improving the solubility and antioxidant activities of EBNs.

AMPK and glucose deprivation exert an isoform-specific effect on the expression of Na+,K+-ATPase subunits in cultured myotubes.

In skeletal muscle, Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), a heterodimeric (α/β) P-type ATPase, has an essential role in maintenance of Na+ and K+ homeostasis, excitability, and contractility. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor, increases the membrane abundance and activity of NKA in L6 myotubes, but its potential role in regulation of NKA content in skeletal muscle, which determines maximum capacity for Na+ and K+ transport, has not been clearly delineated. We examined whether energy stress and/or AMPK affect expression of NKA subunits in rat L6 and primary human myotubes. Energy stress, induced by glucose deprivation, increased protein content of NKAα1 and NKAα2 in L6 myotubes, while decreasing the content of NKAα1 in human myotubes. Pharmacological AMPK activators (AICAR, A-769662, and diflunisal) modulated expression of NKA subunits, but their effects only partially mimicked those that occurred in response to glucose deprivation, indicating that AMPK does not mediate all effects of energy stress on NKA expression. Gene silencing of AMPKα1/α2 increased protein levels of NKAα1 in L6 myotubes and NKAα1 mRNA levels in human myotubes, while decreasing NKAα2 protein levels in L6 myotubes. Collectively, our results suggest a role for energy stress and AMPK in modulation of NKA expression in skeletal muscle. However, their modulatory effects were not conserved between L6 myotubes and primary human myotubes, which suggests that coupling between energy stress, AMPK, and regulation of NKA expression in vitro depends on skeletal muscle cell model.

Isolation and characterization of bio-prospecting gut strains Bacillus safensis CGK192 and Bacillus australimaris CGK221 for plastic (HDPE) degradation.

The present work reports the application of novel gut strains Bacillus safensis CGK192 (Accession No. OM658336) and Bacillus australimaris CGK221 (Accession No. OM658338) in the biological degradation of synthetic polymer i.e., high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The biodegradation assay based on polymer weight loss was conducted under laboratory conditions for a period of 90days along with regular evaluation of bacterial biomass in terms of total protein content and viable cells (CFU/cm2). Notably, both strains achieved significant weight reduction for HDPE films without any physical or chemical pretreatment in comparison to control. Hydrophobicity and biosurfactant characterization were also done in order to assess strains ability to form bacterial biofilm over the polymer surface. The post-degradation characterization of HDPE was also performed to confirm degradation using analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Interestingly strain CGK221 was found to be more efficient in forming biofilm over polymer surface as indicated by lower half-life (i.e., 0.00032day-1) and higher carbonyl index in comparison to strain CGK192. The findings reflect the ability of our strains to develop biofilm and introduce an oxygenic functional group into the polymer surface, thereby making it more susceptible to degradation.

Effect of Bombay Locust (Patanga succincta) and Tapioca Flour or Carrageenan Addition on Quality of Ground Pork Patty

ABSTRACT The quality of ground pork (GP) patty containing ground Bombay locust meal (BM) was investigated. GP was mixed with BM (0–20%) and tapioca flour (0–3%) or carrageenan (0–2%). Patties with 20% added BM had higher protein content (21%), lower cooking loss (23%) and hardness (74693 N) than the GP patty, with no BM as the control. The pH of the patties significantly increased with added BM. The patty cooking loss decreased with added carrageenan or tapioca flour (p < 0.05). The addition of carrageenan increased patty hardness (p < 0.05). The best quality patties were prepared with the addition of 20%BM and 1%carrageenan.

Effect of zinc and boron on grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in north-western plain zone of India

An experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of zinc and boron on grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–2019 and 2019–20 at the agronomy research farm of IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Ten treatments, viz. T1 , Control (no fertilizer); T2 , zinc @ 5 kg/ha (SA); T3 , zinc @ 1 kg/ha (FA); T4 - zinc @ 1 + 1 kg/ha (2 FA); T5 , zinc @ 5 kg/ha (SA) + zinc @ 1 kg/ha (FA); T6 , boron @ 0.5 kg/ha (SA); T7 , boron @ 0.1 kg/ha (FA); T8 , boron @ 0.2 kg/ha (2 FA); T9 , boron @ 0.5 kg/ha (SA) and boron @ 0.1 kg/ha (FA) and T10-, zinc @ 5 kg/ha + boron @ 0.5 kg/ha (SA) were comprised in randomized block design (RBD) with the three replications. The results revealed that different levels and application methods of zinc and boron significantly improved the grain quality of wheat. Maximum Zn content (35.4 and 35.9 mg/ha) and Zn uptake (185.1 and 197.1 g/ha) in 2018–19 and 2019–20, respectively were recorded with Zn @ 5 kg/ha (SA) + zinc @ 1 kg/ha (FA). Moreover, maximum B content (58.5 and 59.5 mg/ha) and B uptake (361.9 and 376.4 g/ha) in 2018–19 2019–20, respectively were observed with B @ 0.5 kg/ha (SA) and B @ 0.1 kg/ha (FA). Maximum protein content in grain (12.6 and 12.7%) and protein yield (712.8 and 744.9 kg/ha) was recorded under Zn - 5 kg/ha (SA) + B 0.5 kg/ha (SA) in 2018–19 and 2019–20, respectively

97 Effects of crude protein content and supplementing probiotics in late gestation and lactation sow diets on performance of sows and suckling pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) content and supplementation with Bacillus-based probiotics (PRO) in late gestation and lactation sow diets on performance of sows and suckling pigs. Pregnant sows (n = 120; 60 gilts and 60 2+ parity) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (2 CP levels, with or without probiotics) from d 85 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. The experiment was conducted in 4 consecutive periods (half sows and half gilts per period). The diets consisted of 1) a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based low CP (LCP; 12% CP) diet; 2) LCP + 0.05% probiotic (LCP-PRO); 3) a corn-SBM-based high CP (HCP; 15% CP) diet; and 4) HCP + 0.05% probiotic (HCP-PRO). The diets were formulated for 2 phases: gestation (d 85 – 115) and lactation (d 1 – 21). Sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness were recorded on d 85 and 111 of gestation and on d 1 and 21 of lactation. Sow blood and milk were sampled on d 1 and 21 of lactation to analyze plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration, and milk fat, protein, and lactose, respectively. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and period as random effect. There were no significant effects of CP and PRO on sow BW or backfat thickness. There was an interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between CP and PRO on the number of stillbirths, where the number of stillbirths did not differ between LCP and LCP-PRO groups, while the number decreased in sows fed HCP-PRO diet compared with HCP diet. Sows fed LCP diets had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) PUN concentrations on d 1 and d 21 of lactation compared with those fed HCP diets. However, no difference was found in fat, protein, or lactose content in both colostrum (d 1) and milk (d 21). Piglets from the sows fed LCP diets showed heavier (P &amp;lt; 0.05) birth weights (1.58, 1.57, 1.53, and 1.52 kg for diets 1 to 4) than those in HCP groups, however, the average daily gain (ADG) of week 1 (188, 166, 187, and 187 g for diets 1 to 4) was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for piglets in LCP groups than HCP groups. No other effects were observed on piglet growth. In conclusion, CP and PRO did not affect sow BW and backfat thickness. There was an interaction effect of CP and PRO on reproductive performance, where stillbirths did not differ between LCP and LCP-PRO groups; however, stillbirths decreased with PRO in HCP diet. Moreover, feeding LCP diets to sows did not influence milk nutrient contents and overall growth performance in suckling piglets.

Detailed analysis of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes to enable efficient sorting for various agro-industrial applications

Agriculture-based industries generate huge amounts of byproducts/wastes every year, which are not exploited or disposed efficiently posing an environmental problem with implications to human and animal health. Finding strategies to increase the recycling of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes (AIBWs) is a primary objective of the current study. A thorough examination of AIBWs in conjunction with experimental research is proposed to facilitate sorting for various agro-industrial applications and consequently increasing byproduct/waste utilization. Accordingly, two sustainable, locally available sources of AIBWs, namely, wheat bran (WB) and garlic straw and peels (GSP) were studied in detail including content and composition of proteins, phytohormones and nutritional elements, as well as the effect of AIBW extracts on plant and microbial growth. Hundreds of proteins were recovered from AIBW mainly from WBs, including chaperons, metabolite and protein modifying enzymes, and antimicrobial proteins. In-gel assays showed that WB and GSP possess high protease and nuclease activities. Conspicuously, phytohormone analysis of AIBWs revealed the presence of high levels of strigolactones, stimulants of seed germination of root parasitic weeds, as well as indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Garlic straw extract strongly inhibited germination of the weed Amaranthus palmeri but not of Abutilon theophrasti and all examined AIBWs significantly affected post-germination growth. Bacterial growth was strongly inhibited by garlic straw, but enhanced by WBs, which can be used at least partly as a bacterial growth medium. Thus, an in-depth examination of AIBW characteristics will enable appropriate sorting for diverse agro-industrial applications, which will increase their utilization and consequently their economic value.

Content and tissue expression of Collagen I, Collagen IV, and Laminin in the Extracellular Matrix in Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common neoplasm in the male population. It is not known why some tumors become more aggressive than others. Although most studies show changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix correlated with the Gleason score, no study has objectively measured the tissue content of these molecules. This study aims to measure the content and tissue expression of collagen type I and IV and laminin in the extracellular matrix of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and correlate these findings with the Gleason score and clinical characteristics. Forty-one patients who underwent radical prostate surgery at the Urology Department of a reference Hospital in Brazil between January 2015 and December 2020 were studied. The tissue protein content was estimated under light microscopy at a final magnification of 200 × . The mean collagen I score in prostate adenocarcinoma tissue samples was 7.16 ± 1.03 pixels/field. The mean type IV collagen score was 3.44 ± 0.61 pixels/field. The mean laminin score was 5.19 ± 0.79 pixels/field. The total Gleason score was correlated with both collagen and laminin. All the correlations were negative, which shows that the higher the collagen/laminin expression was, the lower the total Gleason score (p-value < 0,05). According to the Pearson correlation analysis, age has no statistical relationship with collagen and laminin content. PSA, in turn, showed a correlation only with laminin, but r = -0.378 (p = 0.015). Among the associated diseases and lifestyle habits, there is only statistical significance in the comparison of alcoholism for collagen I. For collagen IV and laminin, no statistical significance was obtained with the clinical variables analyzed.

PSVI-3 Effects of dried distillers grains on performance of suckling beef calves in a creep-feeding system

Abstract Dried distiller’s grains (DDG) have been successfully used in beef cattle diets due to their high protein content and increasing availability around the world. However, the chemical composition of DDG varies according to the type of fermented grain and processing methods, and its increased sulfur content can compromise animal performance. There are few studies evaluating DDG in supplements for beef calves in creep-feeding systems. Hence, our objective was to assess the effects of DDG on performance of suckling beef calves in a creep-feeding system. Nellore×Red Angus male calves (n = 37), weighing 162 ± 4.06 kg at 120 d of age, along with their respective dams (n =37 Nellore cows) were used. The cow-calf pairs were randomly assigned into eight paddocks formed by Urochloa decumbens pastures. Animals were subjected to a 14-dadaptation period and an additional 108-d period for performance evaluation. All animals had access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Four treatments were evaluated, as follows: control (mixture mineral only), supplement without DDG, or supplements including 375 and 750 g/kg DDG [dry matter (DM) basis]. The supplements were composed of ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and DDG, planned to contain 300 g CP/kg DM, and provided daily at 7.0 g/kg body weight (BW; as fed). Treatments were assigned to experimental units (i.e., calf) in a completely randomized design. Calves were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment, as well as every 15 d, to adjust the amount of supplement to be provided. Comparisons between treatments were performed by decomposing its sum of squares into orthogonal effects as follows: 1) control (mineral mixture only) versus supplemented calves; 2) evaluation of the linear and quadratic effects of the inclusion of DDG in the supplements. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (α = 0.05). Supplementation enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW) when compared with control. On average, ADG was increased from 0.94 kg/d to 1.08 kg/d for control and supplemented calves, respectively. On the other hand, ADG and FBW decreased linearly as the DDG inclusion in the supplement increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The differential ADG of calves that received supplements with 375 and 750 g/kg DDG compared with calves that did not receive DDG was -0.046 and -0.096 kg, respectively. It is worth emphasizing that calves fed supplements with 375 g/kg and 750 g/kg DDG had a 14% and 46% less supplement intake, respectively, than animals that were not fed DDG. Supplementing beef calves in a creep-feeding system enhances animal performance. However, the inclusion of high DDG levels in supplements decreases the performance of suckling beef calves.

PSIV-A-12 Ruminal in vitro digestibility of novel pennycress meal using the Daisy II incubator

Abstract Field pennycress seed has a high oil content, making it valuable for biofuel production. The high protein content of the resulting pennycress meal makes it a potentially valuable protein feedstuff for livestock. However, pennycress meal also contains greater content of fiber, erucic acid, and glucosinolates, which limit its use in livestock rations. Golden pennycress, a novel pennycress, was developed to contain greater oil content and decreased content of fiber, increasing the value of pennycress meal as a potential livestock feed. The objective of this research was to characterize a novel pennycress meal using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Digestion of golden pennycress (GPC), black-seeded pennycress (BPC), and a total mixed ration (TMR, as the control), was evaluated in vitro using the Daisy II incubator. Each incubation vessel contained 12 filter bags (4 containing GPC, 4 containing BPC, and 4 containing the TMR). Rumen fluid was collected from two cannulated steers and processed according to Ankom procedures; samples were incubated in the rumen fluid inoculum for either 24 or 48 h. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) of GPC averaged 23% (dry matter basis) and was less than the BCP NDF content (30%, dry matter basis). In vitro true dry matter disappearance (IVTDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) were calculated and shown in Table 1. Proc Mixed procedures of SAS were used to identify difference in digestibility. Due to the novelty of golden pennycress, this study appears to be the first that compares ruminal digestibility of pennycress meals, thereby establishing initial data relative to the feeding value of GPC. As the novel pennycress was developed to have a reduced fiber level, the reduced NDF content of GPC over BPC was expected. The significant increase of IVTDMD of GPC compared with BPC at either incubation length suggests increased overall digestibility and improved dry matter utilization of the novel pennycress. Additional research investigating the reduced NDFD of GPC is warranted. As the first study evaluating the use of golden pennycress meal in ruminant diets, this study provides baseline values from which to build additional research projects.

PSV-12 Microbial community structure of dairy cattle is stable through oscillating crude protein inclusion

Abstract Diet has an important role in shaping the structure of rumen microbial communities. However, little is known about the interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) level and CP feeding pattern on the rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Here, the objective was to evaluate the influence of CP level (low protein [LP], 13.8%; high protein [HP], 15.5% of dry matter [DM] basis) and CP feeding pattern (OF = oscillating, SF = static) on the composition and diversity of the rumen microbiome of lactating dairy cows using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 8) in mid- to late-lactation were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment consisting of 4 experimental periods of 28 d. Each experimental period had an adaptation phase to the diet (24 d) and a sampling phase (d 25 to 28). The treatments with oscillating feeding alternated diets every 48 h to vary CP above and below the mean CP level (OF-LP = 13.8 ± 1.8%; OF-HP = 15.5 ± 1.8% CP of DM) whereas diets were constant in the static feeding (SF-LP = 13.8%; SF-HP = 15.5% CP of DM). According to the NASEM (2021) model predictions the LP diet supplied 94% of the microbial protein requirement while the HP diet exceeded (104%) requirement. Rumen samples were collected 4 h after feeding through a rumen cannula and amplicon libraries were generated targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The amplicon sequences were analyzed in qiime2. Sequences where trimmed based on their quality and then grouped in ASVs using DADA2. The ASVs were used to analyze the composition and diversity of the rumen microbiome in each treatment. Alpha diversity of the rumen microbiome did not change across treatments (Kruskal Wallis, P &amp;gt; 0.05), but Pielou’s evenness increased by 0.01 units (Kruskal Wallis, P = 0.04). These results support the hypothesis that the rumen microbiome is stable to oscillating CP feeding patterns and compensates for the changes in crude protein content in the diet. Further research is required to understand the dynamics of this compensation and what other metabolic processes in the ruminant contribute to maintaining production under an oscillating diet.

Test of Acceptance and Protein Levels in Soybean Flour Formulation Muffins as Snacks for Young Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency

Chronic energy deficiency in young people is caused by a lack of nutritional intake, such as energy and protein. Consequently, the nutrients required for daily needs are insufficient. This study aims to determine the acceptability test results and protein content in soy flour muffins as a snack for young women with chronic energy deficiency. An experimental study was conducted with 25 participants to assess the acceptability of three muffin formulas, varying in wheat flour to soy flour ratios: 150:0, 90:60, and 80:70. Following processing and acceptability testing, the control and preferred formula were analyzed for protein content in soy flour muffins. The results indicate that the preferred formula among the panelists (DP18) was formula 3, with a wheat flour to soy flour ratio of 80:70, containing a protein content of 10.70%. This formula exhibited an energy density of 4.23 kcal/g and a Protein Energy ratio of 12.31%. Muffins supplemented with 60 g/serving of soy bean can fulfill 10% of daily calorie and protein requirements. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct community-based projects to assess the utility of these muffins in increasing body weight and average arm circumference.

An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758).

Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C. batrachus. Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at the rate of 5% of fish body weight for the entire 90 days, twice daily. Size of each stocked C. batrachus was recorded after 15 days. Results revealed 100% survival rate of C. batrachus in all treatments. Significantly highest (P<0.001) mean value of weight gain (g/fish), percent weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in C. batrachus were recorded, reared in T4 by feeding 40% CP in diet. The best FCR value (1.90±0.02) for C. batrachus was obtained in T4 by feeding 40%CP in diet. Mean value of water, ash, fat and protein contents (wet mass) were ranged 74.10-79.23%, 3.12-4.68%, 3.90-4.43% and 13.09-16.79% for C. batrachus in the studied treatment groups. Water content (%) was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the body of C. batrachus for T1, T2, T3 and T6 than for T4 and T5. Ash was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish reared in T4 and T5. Fat content in the wet body mass of C. batrachus was found significantly higher in T4 and T1. While, significant higher (P<0.05) values of mean protein content was noted in C. batrachus reared in T4 and T5. Body composition of C. batrachus was also categorically affected by body size, however, condition factor showed non-significant correlation in most of the relationships in the present study. Overall, results indicated that feeding appropriate diet (containing 40% CP) to the fish resulted good growth performance, lower FCR and higher protein content in the fish. Present study provides valuable knowledge of optimal dietary protein level in C. batrachus which will help in commercial success of aquaculture.

Omics-driven advances in the understanding of regulatory landscape of peanut seed development

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are an essential oilseed crop known for their unique developmental process, characterized by aerial flowering followed by subterranean fruit development. This crop is polyploid, consisting of A and B subgenomes, which complicates its genetic analysis. The advent and progression of omics technologies—encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics—have significantly advanced our understanding of peanut biology, particularly in the context of seed development and the regulation of seed-associated traits. Following the completion of the peanut reference genome, research has utilized omics data to elucidate the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed weight, oil content, protein content, fatty acid composition, sucrose content, and seed coat color as well as the regulatory mechanisms governing seed development. This review aims to summarize the advancements in peanut seed development regulation and trait analysis based on reference genome-guided omics studies. It provides an overview of the significant progress made in understanding the molecular basis of peanut seed development, offering insights into the complex genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that influence key agronomic traits. These studies highlight the significance of omics data in profoundly elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of peanut seed development. Furthermore, they lay a foundational basis for future research on trait-related functional genes, highlighting the pivotal role of comprehensive genomic analysis in advancing our understanding of plant biology.

Relationship Between Energy and Protein Intake with The Nutritional Status of Children Aged 7-18 Years at Griya Sahabat Yatim Dhuafa in Gedangan Sidoarjo

At the age of 7-18 years, consumption of carbohydrates as a source of energy and consumption of protein sources greatly affects their nutritional status. There are several foster children at GSY Dhuafa who are facing nutritional problems due to insufficient nutrition from food that is rich in energy and protein content. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between energy and protein intake with the nutritional status of foster children At GSY Dhuafa in 2023. Using a cross-sectional research method with a sample of 35 children using a total sampling technique. Data analysis in this study used univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test. From the research that has been done, the results show that there is a strong relationship between the adequacy of energy and protein nutrition and nutritional status (p=0.000), while protein intake has results (p=0.354), which means that there is no relationship between protein and nutritional status. There is a relationship between energy intake and nutritional status and there is no relationship between protein intake and the nutritional status of the respondents. It is expected to pay more attention to intake to meet nutritional needs in order to achieve good nutritional status.